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Rifles based on the Colt AR-15 pattern

AR-xv way rifles come in many sizes and have many options, depending on the manufacturer. The function shown bottom center is the lower receiver without the receiver extension, rear takedown pin, and buttstock.

An AR-fifteen style burglarize is any lightweight semi-automatic burglarize based on the Colt AR-15 design.

The original Armalite AR-15 is a scaled-downwards derivative of Eugene Stoner'due south AR-10 design. The then Fairchild Engine and Aeroplane Corporation partition ArmaLite sold the patent and trademarks to Colt's Manufacturing Company in 1959. After about of Colt's patents for the Filly AR-15 expired in 1977, many firearm manufacturers began to produce copies of the Colt AR-fifteen under various names. Despite the patents expiring, Colt retained the trademark of the AR-15 and is the sole manufacturer able to label their firearms as AR-15.[1] Although Colt owns the AR-fifteen trademark, the "AR" in AR-fifteen stands for "Armalite Rifle", not "attack rifle".[2] [3]

The Federal Assault Weapons Ban restricted the sale of the Colt AR-xv and some derivatives in the United States from 1994 to 2004, although it did non affect rifles with fewer listed features.[four] [five]

After the term modernistic sporting rifles was coined in 2009 past the Usa National Shooting Sports Foundation, a firearms trade association, it was quickly adopted past much of the manufacture.[7]

In the 2010s, AR-xv mode rifles became one of the "nearly beloved and most vilified rifles" in the United states of america, according to The New York Times. The rifles are controversial in part due to their use in loftier-profile mass shootings.[8] Promoted as "America's rifle" by the National Rifle Clan, AR-fifteen mode rifles' popularity is partially attributable to proposals to ban or restrict them.[9] [10] [11]

Terminology [edit]

The "AR" in AR-fifteen stands for "Armalite Rifle", not "assault rifle".[one] [2] [3]

The Filly AR-fifteen is closely related to the military M16 and M4 Carbine rifles, which all share the same cadre blueprint, first patented for use in the AR-ten, featuring a gas-operated, rotating commodities (combined with an integral piston) instead of conventional direct impingement, operating system patented under U.S. Patent 2,951,424 by Eugene Stoner.[12] [xiii] The term "AR-15" is now most-commonly used to refer merely to the noncombatant variants of the rifle which lack the fully automated role.[14]

1973 Colt AR-fifteen SP1 rifle with 'slab side' lower receiver (lacking raised dominate around mag release button) and original Colt xx-round box magazine

In 1956, ArmaLite designed a lightweight selective fire burglarize for military use and designated it the ArmaLite model xv, or AR-fifteen.[fifteen] [16] Due to financial bug and limitations in terms of manpower and product capacity, ArmaLite sold the design and the AR-15 trademark along with the ArmaLite AR-x to Filly's Manufacturing Company in 1959.[17] In 1964, Filly began selling its own version with an improved semi-automatic blueprint known equally the Colt AR-fifteen.[18] After Colt's patents expired in 1977, an active marketplace emerged for other manufacturers to produce and sell their own semi-automated AR-fifteen fashion rifles.[ane] Some versions of the AR-15 were classified as "assault weapons" and banned under the Public Condom and Recreational Firearms Use Protection Act in 1994 within the United States. This act expired in 2004.[4] [nineteen]

In 2009, the term "modernistic sporting rifle" was coined by the National Shooting Sports Foundation for its survey that year as a marketing term used past the firearms industry to draw modular semi-automatic rifles including AR-15s.[xx] [21] [14] Today, nearly every major firearm manufacturer produces its ain generic AR-15 style rifle.[22] [21] As Colt continues to own and use the AR-xv trademark for its line of AR-15 variants, other manufacturers must utilise their own model numbers and names to market their AR-15 style rifles for commercial sale.[23]

Under Us constabulary, when manufactured with a butt length less than 16 inches (410 mm) and without a shoulder stock, it is legally considered a pistol every bit opposed to beingness a short-barreled rifle,[24] and is described equally an AR-15 mode pistol.

Modularity and operating systems [edit]

While most earlier breech-loading rifles had a single receiver housing both the trigger and reloading mechanism, an innovative feature of the AR-15 was modular construction to simplify commutation of parts and avoid need for arsenal facilities for well-nigh repairs of malfunctioning military rifles.[25] A distinctive 2-function receiver is used by both military and sporting AR-15 mode rifles. As civilian ownership of AR-15 fashion rifles became sufficient to create a market for improvements, numerous manufacturers began producing i or more "improved" modules, assemblies, or parts with features not found on manufacturing plant rifles, and individuals with average mechanical bent can oftentimes substitute these pieces for original equipment. Due to the vast array of aftermarket parts and accessories available, AR-15 way rifles accept also been referred to as "the Swiss Ground forces knife of rifles,"[26] "Barbie Dolls for Guys,"[27] [28] or "LEGOs [sic] for adults".[29] [30] [31] These more than or less interchangeable modules are a defining characteristic of AR-fifteen style rifles.[32]

A stripped lower receiver, one that is defective the boosted parts included in a completed lower receiver, is the but role of an AR-15 mode rifle that needs to be transferred through a federally licensed firearms dealer under United States federal law.[33]

The lower receiver is the serial-numbered office legally defined as the firearm under Us law. Even so, this definition is currently questionable due to several court rulings (or regime dismissals to avoid rulings) that the AR-15 lower receiver does not match the legal definition in 27 CFR § 479.11.[34] [35] [36] Though a 2021 example from the Eighth Circuit establish otherwise.[37] A completed lower receiver is visually distinguished by the trigger guard ahead of the detachable pistol grip, and behind the magazine well capable of holding detachable magazines. The lower receiver holds the trigger associates including the hammer, and is the attachment signal for the buttstock. The lower receiver is attached to the upper receiver by two removable pins. Disassembly for cleaning or repair of malfunctions requires disengaging these pins from the upper receiver. Removal of the rear take-down pivot allows the receiver to be opened by rotation around the forward pivot pin as a hinge.[25]

The upper receiver contains the bolt carrier assembly and is fastened to the butt assembly. Sights will be attached to the upper receiver or the barrel assembly. A handguard usually encloses the butt and a gas-operated reloading device using burnt powder gas vented from a hole (or port) in the butt almost the forrard end of the handguard. The handguard is fastened to the upper receiver and may also exist attached to the butt.[25]

The initial pattern included a tube to vent burnt powder gas dorsum into the bolt carrier associates where it expands in a variable volume chamber forcing the bolt open to eject the spent cartridge case. A buffer jump in the buttstock and so pushes the bolt closed picking up a new cartridge from the magazine. This Stoner bolt and carrier piston organisation has the disadvantage of venting un-burned smokeless powder residue into the receiver where it may ultimately accumulate in quantities causing malfunctions. Some AR-15 style rifles use an alternative short-stroke gas piston design borrowed from the AR-18, where a metal rod pushes against the bolt carrier, driven past a piston located simply behind the barrel gas port. This piston pattern keeps the rifle cleaner by not exhausting in to the receiver.[38] While both the original Stoner and short-stroke gas piston operating systems produce semi-automatic fire, an alternative united nations-ported butt assembly includes a sliding handguard connected to a rod moving the bolt by a pump action and eliminating semi-automated fire.[39] Some AR15-mode rifle models feature redesigned gas systems so the rifle is over-the-beach capable to let it burn safely as apace as possible later being submerged in water. The initial design's construction did not take that capability in account.[40] [41] The original design features a free-floating firing pivot. To reduce the risk of slam-firing, some AR15-way rifle models feature a (proprietary) firing pin condom in the bolt. Such firing pin safeties can obstruct the upper to piece of work with standard AR-xv blazon total peak hammers in the burn control group of the lower.[42]

Near rifles eject spent cartridges from the correct side of the receiver away from right handed shooters who place the barrel against the right shoulder while sighting with the right eye and using a finger of the correct hand to pull the trigger.[43] Correct-side ejection is a disadvantage for the third of the population whose left eye is dominant,[44] and for the tenth of the population who are left handed,[45] because holding these rifles against their left shoulder for maximum accurateness causes the rifle to eject hot spent cases toward the chest, cervix or face of a left handed shooter.[46] When the M16A2 was adopted by the Army in 1986, it incorporated a built-in brass deflector to prevent that happening. Virtually civilian-legal variants also copy that feature.[47] The modular design of AR-fifteen style rifles has encouraged several manufacturers to offer specialized parts including leftward ejecting upper receivers for converting right handed AR-15 style rifles for left handed use.[48] [49] [fifty]

The AR-xv is nominally chambered in .223/5.56mm NATO, just many variants have been produced in different calibers such every bit .22-LR, 7.62×39mm, ix×19mm Parabellum[51] and shotgun calibers.[52] Some of these firearms chambered in smaller calibers such as 9mm or .22 utilise the blowback[53] or delayed blowback[54] operating principle instead of a direct impingement/piston based operating organization, as bereft gas force per unit area or volume is produced past the round to cycle the action, or the simpler blowback system is sufficient and may allow removal of the rear buffer tube and spring. Some rare AR-xv-manner rifles are likewise available equally commodities action firearms rendering them incapable of semi-automatic fire.[39] [55] [56] These are most ordinarily marketed in jurisdictions where ownership of semi-automated rifles is heavily restricted such equally in the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland.

Some AR-15-mode rifles have features limiting utilise of detachable magazines to comply with state regulations.[57] [58] Virtually all versions of the civilian AR-fifteen have a pistol grip like the armed services versions, and some have folding or collapsible stocks like the M4 carbine which reduce the overall length of the rifle, however AR-15 mode lower receivers that accept a non-pistol-grip are bachelor.[59]

Comparing to military versions [edit]

The semi-automated noncombatant AR-15 was introduced by Colt in 1963. The chief distinction between civilian semi-automatic rifles and military assault rifles is select burn. Military models were produced with firing modes, semi-automatic fire and either fully automatic fire mode or burst fire mode, in which the rifle fires several rounds in succession when the trigger is depressed. Most components are interchangeable between semi-auto and select burn rifles including magazines, sights, upper receiver, barrels and accessories.[60] [61] The military machine M4 carbine typically uses a 14.5-inch (37 cm) barrel. Civilian rifles commonly have sixteen-inch (41 cm) or longer barrels to comply with the National Firearms Act.[62]

To foreclose a civilian semi-automated AR-15 from existence readily converted for utilize with the select fire components, several features were changed. Parts inverse include the lower receiver, bolt carrier, hammer, trigger, disconnector, and safe/mode selector. The semi-automated commodities carrier has a longer lightening slot to prevent the bolt'south engagement with an automated sear. Due to a subtract in mass, the buffer leap is heavier. On the select-burn version, the hammer has an extra spur which interacts with the additional auto-sear that holds it back until the bolt carrier group is fully in battery, when the automatic fire is selected.[63] Using a portion of the select burn down parts in a semi-automatic burglarize will not enable a select fire option (this requires a registered role with the ATF). Lower receivers that are select-fire are identified past a pinhole above the safety/style option switch.[64] [65] [66] [67] As designed by Filly the pins supporting the semi-auto trigger and hammer in the lower receiver are larger than those used in the armed services rifle to forestall interchangeability between semi-automated and select-fire components.[68]

Production and sales [edit]

The first version produced for commercial auction by Colt was the SP1 model AR-15 Sporter, in .223 Remington, with a 20-inch (51 cm) barrel and issued with five-round magazines.[18] Initial sales of the Colt AR-xv were irksome, primarily due to its fixed sights and carry handle that made scopes hard to mount and awkward to use.[69] Armed services development of the meaty M4 carbine encouraged product of a 16-inch (41 cm) barreled civilian SP1 carbine with a collapsible buttstock starting time in 1977. These carbines accept become pop for constabulary use in confined urban spaces, and the collapsible buttstock compensates for the additional thickness of body armor. The shorter barrel reduced bullet velocity by near five per centum, and bullet energy past nigh 10 percent. The shorter barrel required moving the gas port closer to the chamber exposing the self-loading system to higher pressures and temperatures which increase stress on moving parts like the bolt lugs and extractor. Although Colt offered a heavier twenty-inch barrel for improved accurateness beginning in 1986, increased barrel weight may impair ergonomic balance; then shorter barrels have dominated recent rifle production.[70]

American Tactical OMNI AR-15 manner rifle, (Lower in polymer), 5.56×45mm NATO caliber, with Millett DMS-1 telescopic and FAB Defense stock and grips

In the 1990s, sales of AR-xv style rifles increased dramatically, partly every bit a result of the introduction of the flat elevation upper receiver (M4 variant) which allowed scopes and sighting devices to be hands mounted as well every bit new features such as complimentary floating manus guards that increased accuracy.[69] While simply a handful of companies were manufacturing these rifles in 1994, by the 21st century the number of AR-xv style rifles had more than doubled.[71] From 2000 to 2015, the number of manufacturers of AR-15 style variants and knock-offs increased from 29 to well-nigh 500.[72] AR-xv style rifles are now available in a wide range of configurations and calibers from a large number of manufacturers. These configurations range from standard total-sizes rifles with xx-inch (51 cm) barrels, to brusk carbine-length models with 16-inch (41 cm) barrels, adjustable length stocks and optical sights, to long range target models with 24-inch (61 cm) barrels, bipods and high-powered scopes.[73]

In September 2019, Colt Firearms announced it was discontinuing product of the AR-15 for the consumer marketplace, citing "significant backlog manufacturing capacity" beyond the industry and the visitor'southward "high-volume contracts" with military and police force forces that were "arresting all of Colt's manufacturing capacity for rifles."[74] However, in 2020 Colt resumed production of the AR-15, following a surge in demand in the United States consumer market.[75]

Estimates vary every bit to how many of the rifles are endemic in the United States. The National Shooting Sports Foundation has estimated that approximately 5 1000000 to x million AR-15 style rifles exist in the U.S. inside the broader full of the 300 one thousand thousand firearms owned by Americans.[76]

Hunting [edit]

Many hunters prefer using AR-15 mode rifles because of their versatility, accuracy, wide diversity of available features, and wide diverseness of calibers (come across beneath).[77] Collapsible stocks are convenient for hunters who pack their rifles into remote hunting locations or for length of pull adjustments to fit any sized hunter.[78] Construction with lightweight polymers and corrosion-resistant alloys makes these rifles preferred for hunting in moist environments with less business organization about rusting or warping wood stocks. Positioning of the AR-xv safe is an improvement over traditional bolt action hunting rifles. Many states require hunters to use reduced-capacity magazines.[79] If a hunter misses with a first shot, the self-loading feature enables rapid follow-upward shots against dangerous animals like feral pigs or rapidly moving animals like jackrabbits.[77] Hunters shooting larger game animals often use upper receivers and barrels adapted for larger cartridges or heavier bullets. Several states prohibit the use of .22 caliber cartridges similar the .223 Remington on large game.[80] [81] [82]

Cartridge variations [edit]

Since the upper and lower receivers may be swapped between rifles, forensic firearm exam of bullets and spent cartridges may reveal distinguishing marks from the barrel and upper receiver group without identifying the lower receiver for which legal records may exist available.[83] An individual may utilize several upper receiver groups with the same lower receiver. These upper receiver groups may accept differing barrel lengths and sights and may burn down different cartridges. A hunter with a unmarried lower receiver might have one upper receiver with a .223 Remington barrel and telescopic sight for varmint hunting in the open country and another upper receiver with a .458 SOCOM barrel and iron sights for big-game hunting in brushy woodland. The dimensions of upper and lower receivers originally designed for the 5.56×45mm NATO cartridge impose an overall length limit and diameter limits when adapting modules for other cartridges included in this list of AR platform cartridges.[84] [73] The same magazine in the lower receiver group may agree differing numbers of dissimilar cartridges.[38]

Utilize in law-breaking and mass shootings [edit]

Most firearm-related homicides in the United States involve handguns.[85] [86] [87] A 2019 Pew Inquiry written report found that four% of US gun deaths were caused by semi-automated rifles, a category which includes AR-fifteen style rifles.[88] According to a 2013 analysis by Mayors Confronting Illegal Guns, 14 out of 93 mass shootings involved high-capacity magazines or assault weapons.[89] Nevertheless, AR-15 style rifles accept played a prominent role in many loftier-contour mass shootings in the United states[90] and have come up to be widely characterized as the weapon of choice for perpetrators of these crimes.[91] AR-15s or similar rifles were the chief weapons used in four of the ten deadliest mass shootings in modern American history,[92] [93] including the 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, the 2017 Las Vegas shooting,[94] the 2017 Sutherland Springs church shooting,[94] and the 2018 Stoneman Douglas High School shooting.[95] Gun expert Dean Hazen and mass murder researcher Pete Blair retrieve that mass shooters' gun choices have less to exercise with the AR-15's specific characteristics only rather with familiarity and a copycat effect.[96] [97]

Following the use of a Colt AR-fifteen burglarize in the Port Arthur massacre, the worst single-person shooting incident in Australian history, the state enacted the National Firearms Agreement in 1996, restricting the private ownership of semi-automatic rifles. (Category D[98]).[99] [100] [101] As a result of the Christchurch mosque shootings with an AR-fifteen during Friday Prayer on fifteen March 2019, the New Zealand government enacted a law to ban semi-automatic firearms, magazines, and parts that can be used to gather prohibited firearms.[102] [103] After the 2020 Nova Scotia attacks, the deadliest binge by a single person in Canadian history,[104] Canada banned a grade of rifles, including the AR-15.[105] [106]

Fractional list of models [edit]

  • Barrett REC7
  • Bushmaster XM-fifteen
  • CAR816 A2
  • Carbon 15
  • Colt AR-15
  • Daniel Defense DDM4
  • DPMS Panther Arms Tactical Rifle
  • Haenel MK 556
  • Heckler & Koch MR556
  • Lewis Machine & Tool Company CQB16
  • LWRC International IC serial
  • Mossberg MMR Tactical
  • Olympic Artillery Yard series
  • Palmetto State Arsenal PA-xv
  • Patriot Ordnance Factory rifles and carbines
  • Remington R5 RGP
  • Rock River Artillery LAR-15
  • Ruger SR-556
  • Brutal Arms MSR-15
  • SIG Sauer SIG516
  • SIG Sauer SIGM400
  • Smith & Wesson Yard&P15
  • Springfield Armory SAINT
  • Stag Arms STAG-15
  • Taurus T4SA
  • Wilson Gainsay Tactical Rifle
  • Windham Weaponry WW-15

See also [edit]

  • List of Colt AR-15 & M16 rifle variants, a list of Colt-made firearms based on the ArmaLite AR-15 pattern
  • Listing of nearly-produced firearms, comparison of relative product of modern firearms
  • Listing of AR platform cartridges, cartridges that can be fired from the AR-15 or AR-ten

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Further reading [edit]

  • Stevens, R. Blake and Edward C. Ezell (1994). The Black Rifle M16 Retrospective. Ontario, Canada: Collector Grade Publications. ISBN 0889351155
  • Bartocci, Christopher R. (2004). Black Burglarize Two The M16 Into the 21st Century. Ontario, Canada: Collector Grade Publications. ISBN 0889353484

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AR-15_style_rifle

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